Īn alternative suggestion, put forward by Ephraim Avigdor Speiser in 1936, derives the term from Hurrian Kinahhu, purportedly referring to the colour purple, so that "Canaan" and " Phoenicia" would be synonyms ("Land of Purple"). Some scholars have suggested that this implies an original meaning of "lowlands", in contrast with Aram, which would then mean "highlands", whereas others have suggested it meant "the subjugated" as the name of Egypt's province in the Levant, and evolved into the proper name in a similar fashion to Provincia Nostra (the first Roman colony north of the Alps, which became Provence). An early explanation derives the term from the Semitic root 'knʿ', "to be low, humble, subjugated". It first occurs in Greek in the writings of Hecataeus as "Khna" ( Χνᾶ). It appears as 𒆳𒆠𒈾𒄴𒈾 ( KURki-na-aḫ-na) in the Amarna letters (14th century BC), and "knʿn" is found on coins from Phoenicia in the last half of the 1st millennium. 1500, due to the Great Vowel Shift) comes from the Hebrew כנען ( knʿn), via the Koine Greek Χανααν Khanaan and the Latin Canaan. The English term "Canaan" (pronounced / ˈ k eɪ n ən/ since c. 2.8 Egyptian hieroglyphic and hieratic (1500–1000 BC).500 BC as Phoenicians, and after the emigration of some Canaanite-speakers to Carthage (founded in the 9th century BC), was also used as a self-designation by the Punics (as "Chanani") of North Africa during Late Antiquity. In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature." : 13–14 The name "Canaanites" is attested, many centuries later, as the endonym of the people later known to the Ancient Greeks from c. Biblical scholar Mark Smith notes that archaeological data suggests "that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture. The Book of Joshua includes Canaanites in a list of nations to exterminate, and scripture elsewhere portrays them as a group which the Israelites had annihilated. It is by far the most frequently used ethnic term in the Bible. The word Canaanites serves as an ethnic catch-all term covering various indigenous populations-both settled and nomadic-pastoral groups-throughout the regions of the southern Levant or Canaan.
The name "Canaan" appears throughout the Bible, where it corresponds to "the Levant", in particular to the areas of the Southern Levant that provide the main settings of the narratives of the Bible: the Land of Israel, Philistia, and Phoenicia, among others. Much of present-day knowledge about Canaan stems from archaeological excavation in this area at sites such as Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo, En Esur, and Gezer. Canaan had significant geopolitical importance in the Late Bronze Age Amarna Period (14th century BC) as the area where the spheres of interest of the Egyptian, Hittite, Mitanni and Assyrian Empires converged or overlapped. Canaan ( / ˈ k eɪ n ən/ Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 – Kenāʿn Hebrew: כְּנַעַן – Kənáʿan, in pausa כְּנָעַן – Kənāʿan Biblical Greek: Χανααν – Khanaan Arabic: كَنْعَانُ – Kan‘ān) was a Semitic-speaking civilization and region in the Ancient Near East during the late 2nd millennium BC.
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